在40年代，过程控制是基于3～15PSI的气动标准信号。其后，由于4～20mA模拟信号的使用，使得模拟控制器得到了广泛应用，但是并不是所有的传感仪表和驱动装置都使用统一的4～20mA信号。70年代，由于在检测、模拟控制和逻辑控制领域率先使用了计算机，从而产生了集中控制。进入80年代，由于微处理器的出现，促使工业仪表进入了数字化和智能化的时代，4～20mA模拟信号传输逐步被数字化通信代替，加之分布式控制以及网络技术的迅速发展，促进了控制、调度、优化、决策等功能一体化的发展。然而由于检测、变送、执行等机构大都采用模拟信号连接，其传送方式是一对一结构，这使得接线复杂，工程费用高，维护困难，而信号传输精度底，易受干扰，仪表互换性差，这都阻碍了上层系统的功能发挥。另一方面，由于智能仪表的功能远远超过了现场模拟仪表，如对量程和零点进行远方设定，仪表工作状态实现自诊断，能进行多参数测量和对环境影响的补偿等。由此可见，智能仪表和控制系统的发展，都要求上层系统和现场仪表实现数字通信。
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